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Santa Maria geology

Santa Maria

Geology

Santa Maria is one of the nine islands that comprise the Azores archipelago in the middle of the central/northern Atlantic Ocean. Together with Madeira, Canaries and Cape Verde, the Azores make up Macaronesia, which means “islands of the fortunate”. You can be one! Come to Santa Maria. The Azores islands sit on a very special tectonic setting, which is known worldwide as the Azores Triple Junction, because this is the place where three tectonic plates meet: Eurasia (Eu), North America (NA) and Africa (more correctly Nubia – Nu) (Marques et al., 2013; Marques et al., 2014). Santa Maria is basaltic and around 6 million years old above sea level, the oldest island in the Azores, and is the only island currently belonging to the African plate (Sibrant et al., 2015; Marques et al., 2020). All islands in the Azores are volcanic, but Santa Maria is very special because, contrary to the other 8 islands: (1) volcanism is extinct since around 2.8 million years (all other islands are volcanically active); (2) it comprises marine sediments with a wealth of marine fossils (so far not observed in other Azorean islands); (3) it has pillow lavas (submarine lavas) currently observed up to 200 m altitude inland (pillows have never been observed in the other eight islands); (4) the whole volcanic evolution is well exposed on the tall sea cliffs.

Even if you know nothing of Geology or Plate Tectonics, I will make it very easy and exciting for you in the field … or sitting in the garden at sunset and enjoying a white wine from the islands of Pico or S. Miguel! Santa Maria has an incredible geological history of large-scale volcanic construction (shield volcanoes) and gravitational destruction (kilometre size flank collapses). You will become a huge fan of rocks, and you will get a good grasp of how our planet works!

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Watch Strombolian eruption in La Palma

What Santa Maria would have looked like more than 3 million years ago! Strombolian volcanism with interlayered pyroclastic deposits and lava flows.

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La Palma lavas entering the ocean

What Santa Maria would have looked like around 3.6 million years ago! Lava flows cascading over a tall sea cliff and plunging into the sea, where submarine lavas form that are commonly known as pillow lavas (see images below).

Submarine lavas around 4.3 million years old observed on Santa Maria southern seashore. Note the pillow shape (tubes) of the lavas inside the sea.

Myself on submarine lavas about 3.1 million years old in Santa Maria. Above me, a beautiful pillow in three dimensions – cylindrical brown pillow with circular section showing the typical radial fracturing. These submarine lavas formed below sea level, but currently can be observed at around 100 m. This current position of submarine lavas, which can outcrop up to 200 m altitude, raises important questions regarding Santa Maria evolution in the past 6 million years.

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